Development Changes of Renal Tubules

Development Changes of Renal Tubules Development changes of Renal Tubules from Neonates to Adults for its function Introduction Term infant means a newborn child within 28 days after birth. Nephrone is the functional and structural unit of kidney. Each nephron is made up of narrow tube that specializes in ( renal tubule ) secretion and reabsorption pre-filter unit ( renal corpuscle ). It provides a small solutes and water in tubule structure, renal corpuscle excludes solutes from blood. these renal tubules does not function in adult levels at neonatal period. Because at birth, kidney is immature. It develops with age and reaches to the adult functioning level after some time. This short analytical essay describes about the development of the renal tubules from neonates to adults for its function: that means how the renal tubules develop and adapt to their function with age. 1. Who is Infant? From the Latin meaning of infans or can not tell and say , infant is very young children of a human or animal. If you apply in person, this term is usually considered equal to the child. It may be to learn that human child walks, is used in place long walks . Term infants will be used for infants up to the age of the moon 12 months and one month usually. However, it is possible to define the birth, it varies between 2 years and birth, or between one year. Child for several hours at only very young, several days, or up to a few weeks ago. In medical condition, ( from the Latin, neonatus, newborn ) newborns and infants, in the first 28 days after birth, it means infant, this term applies hypermature Early Childhood, infant, full -term infants . 2. Functions of the kidney Excretion of waste The kidneys excrete the various products of waste by metabolism. These include, ,, nitrogenous wastes called urea from protein catabolism, such as uric acid, such as this from nucleic acid metabolism. The formation of urine, it is the function of the kidney. Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the urine of birds and some mammals, rely on elaborate countercurrent multiplication system. This requires the nephron function of the independent functions of several . Re- absorption of essential nutrients Glucose plasma levels, re- absorption in the proximal tubule is completely normal. Is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, amino acids are sodium-dependent transporter . Acid-base homeostasis Maintain the acid-base homeostasis is to maintain the pH value near the organ systems of the two kidneys, lungs, stabilized. Very important role of the two in the maintenance of acid-base balance and kidney : Re- absorption of bicarbonate from the urine, to discharge the hydrogen ions in the urine Regulation of blood pressure Kidney can not be used to directly detect blood, but long term control of blood pressure is dependent on the kidney mainly. The size of, is performed via the maintenance of theextracellular water compartment depends on the plasma sodium concentration this . Hormone secretion And kidney secret type of hormones such as erythropoietin, enzyme renin. ( Low levels of oxygen at the tissue level ) release erythropoietin in response to hypoxia in renal circulation. It is to stimulate the ( production of red blood cells ), red blood cell production in the bone marrow . 3. Nephron Renal corpuscle Configure the Bowmans capsule and glomerulus, renal corpuscle is the commencement of the nephron. It filters the parts of the original nephron. Tubule It is a part of the nephron, including water filtration cylindrical through glomerulus.After through the tubule of the renal tubules, and continues to collect, the duct system that is not part of the nephron is the filtrater. Function of the renal tubules, is listed on the page XX Collecting duct system The first part is a small tube connection system of collecting duct, it provides the flow-through for each distal tubule. Collection of the duct system begins with the renal cortex and medulla to the deep. Urine so that down the collection duct system, passes the gap marrow with a high sodium concentration because the loop of henle is a countercurrent multiplier system. Juxtaglomerular apparatus Angiotensin system production of the enzyme renin involvement and juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized area of nephron cause of renin secretion to . 4. Functions of various segments of Renal Tubule The type of renal tubule, and is part of the filtration nephron from the glomerulus. It is composed of the following elements: 1 .proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle divided into three: thin descending limb loop thick ascending limb 3. Distal tubule 4.Collecting duct Proximal tubule (PCT) In the first part of the renal tubule, near corpusle kidney, which is lying on the cortex of the kidney. The filtered water from the Bowman capsule enters the proximal tubule. Has a brush border, which has been designed to cubiodal epithelium. It has eosinophilic cytoplasm due to the number of mitochondria . Work of PCT PCT is, H2O If you re- absorb 2/ 3 ( percent 65-80 and Na) or, filtered glucose, and this is, to re- absorb all amino acids Na glucose is re- absorbed by the co-transport of Glu The section, I resorb potassium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate Thin descending loop (TDL) I reabsorb water (H 2 O) passively it is impermeable to sodium (Na) I will allow a hypertonic urine in the TDL, urine is concentrated Thick ascending loop  and, in this part of the loop, CL and K is reabsorbed actively This does not transmit H2O In this section, urine is a low concentration Distal tubule This part of the tubules are lined with a simple cubic epithelium with Musuri-ko edge The re- absorption of sodium chloride actively , This secrete hydrogen ion and ammonium ion . be part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus Collecting duct Is on the CD, and is performed through the cortex to the medulla and leads to renal papilla. The epithelium is different in cubic columnar epithelium with ( almost nipple ). This is the last part of the renal tubule. It has two types of cells . 5. The Renal Function in Neonates Compared with adults, renal function, and is changed newborns. Complete structure in terms of the number of nephrons of 36 weeks, but the baby of the kidney is functionally immature still. Renal function is subject to rapid maturation in postbirth during the first week of both of preterm infants with time. Because I control the balance of water and electrolytes at that time, a small amount, because of the extremely low birth weight infants, and there was especially. Overhydration, dehydration, and the biggest risk for children, contains the electrolyte imbalance . It is possible to maintain a normal state, the homeostasis of the kidney after birth. However, infants early, most can be less, which is to maintain the water balance of the normal electrolyte, or bicarbonate. To maintain homeostasis, the control of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration plays an important role in determining the ability of the kidney. The biggest factor that determines the renal function is probably maturity. Renal formation, up to 34 weeks of pregnancy is not complete. In particular, under the glomerular filtration, and absorption and filtration of the kidney, which has a significant effect on the hormone-sensitive nephron control . 6. Renal Function of the Elderly Including glomerulosclerosis a decrease in size of the kidney, increased vascular changes and arterioles, the type of anatomical defect in the aging kidney, have been identified. Also physical changes, including a decrease in renal blood flow, decreased glomerular filtration rate, tubular framework of the kidney, the shape of the endocrine renal function, are described. From one point of treatment by a physician or disease, clinical outcome of these changes is the ability of the kidney -shaped age to cope with stress. Vigilance and special care is needed when you take care of the elderly . 7. Renal Function in Relation to the age In comparison, the growth and food intake of adults in maintaining the biochemical stable environment, when it is more important for infants than kidneys. Infants, kidneys are developing with the normal function of the ` s properly. However, it is very adaptable to emergency THN in adults. It is not present in urine excrection rhythm birth of a normal adult. These have been developed within a few years. GFR is a baby less than adults. However, the proportion of adult products and to compare, this low GFR is enough to excrete a small amount . 8. Structural changes of Kidney with age The number of structural change takes place in the kidney of aging. Kidney of aging is characterized in that the number of news kidney, vascular sclerosis, hyaline artery disease, hardening of glomerular increases, tissue fibrosis and renal tubules is lost. Pathogenesis of structural changes associated with aging are not fully understood. Both the hemodynamic factors and genetic background, are associated with the development of physical changes associated with age. Structural changes in the aging kidney, is a non-specific, diabetes and be seen in many situations, including high blood pressure, such as a, and, can, is a diagnosis of exclusion is arterionephrosclerosis aging Decline associated with aging, host of the structure and function of the kidney. Might disrupt the assessment of the impact of aging on renal function, appreciation and selection of the population, the problem, methodological, which led to the re-evaluation of recent. Well as a decrease in renal function protected areas, the common denominator of these changes, is the subject of kidney of either excess or defect of constraints and the ability to respond appropriately. These changes, to achieve clinical significance when the residual renal function was challenged by the superposition of acute disease, under the conditions of day-to-day, but there is likely to have a major clinical results. Finally, often amplify these drawbacks whereby, elderly patients should be emphasized may be a change in the aging and addition, can co-morbidities, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, suffer . 9. Functional changes of Kidney with Growth Renal function, started the development of a program ,It continues to evolve in the first year of life Full adult rate. Under this process, the responsible kidney Changes and to provide renal function during childhood, in particular the Characteristics. Human kidney to begin the development in five Started production of urine between the pregnancy and the 10th week 12 weeks of gestation. It was completed in around the 36 week from 35 to newborn long-term kidney formation, but are born with a nephron all of its What is not a case of one of the initial born before, Renal formation is complete. Entire process of fetal kidney The progress to be regulated by many genes have recently been shown For example, as cytokines and growth factors such gene products and, Intrauterine environment itself in a special process known as, Epigenetics. Kidney regulates homeostasis to the basic operation of the two, Glomerular and tubular. It is the work of all neonatal although neonatalkidneys flaws and i s equipped with, Of them to develop a physiological process, is severely limited The response to stress. Infants having a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Was increased stepwise to achieve, the low and 20 ml/min/1.73 m ², at birth Adult levels at 18 months. Completely new nephron has not been played in childhood, but is available in sizes from increasing, I mature in the workplace. Tubular function and glomeruli, but may mature level Between 12-18 months, kidney child maintaining a low capacity for dealing with residual Susceptible to trauma of childhood .Started developing early, renal function, twisted creature Evolution in the first few years of his life full, to adults Level. Under this process, is responsible for changes giving kidney Kidney Function in the reputation of his childhood and childhood somewhat. But From, the main challenge for developing kidney events of the migration I adjust the uterus to life outside the womb, the homeostasis of the continuous for Organisms c hildhood and growing during childhood are also sought . 10. Developmental changes of Renal Tubules for it`s Function If you have corrected the size of the body, starting in stages it, remains relatively constant 4 of life up to 10 years old, shows the age of 1 year and kidney capacity fully functional, standard of renal function a decline in the use of age-related indicators, the glomerular filtration rate such. Be predicted without knowledge of the exact mechanisms involved Avoid reabsorption and tubular secretion of positive and negative ions in order to provide an opportunity for drug interactions is difficult. Data to support the development changes in the net tubular secretion of several items. For digoxin, clearance of digoxin observed in children during puberty, most of the creatinine clearance is reduced at a rate under consideration in adults, this decrease, and more mature than the age of the annual, and more there is a good correlation. Renal excretion of metabolites and active drug and a very important medicine provides important clinical information definition of the mechanism of renal tubular net . In preterm infants, secretion tubular reabsorption and organic acids certain amino acids, and potassium hydrogen ion is a relatively immature at birth in particular, was increased as a function of postnatal age. As part of the animal and continuous, immature state, on the other hand, the ability of phosphate reabsorption is enhanced when you adapt to their environment. In the case of glucose, under 34 weeks, transport system is relatively mature at the time of the infants so during pregnancy. One, as well as the treatment of pharmacological preterm infants tubular transport amino acids development, potassium, phosphorus, and nutrition, in the evaluation of long-term, you need to consider organic acid, these changes. Adult levels is different from ability and dilution capacity of the urine should be considered. To dilute the ability to be in the ability to take into account the fact that normal adult level three months and level of adult 14th. The ability to excrete water load reached adulthood at the end of January. Inability to concentrate urine at the level of the adult is due to it is impossible to correspond to the ADH The inherited microtubules and a small amount of ureThis article has reviewed the maturation of major renal tubular transport systems. The tubular reabsorption of certain amino acids and the secretion of organic acids, hydrogen ions, and potassium increases as a function of postnatal age, being relatively immature at birth, especially in the preterm infant. In contrast, the ability for phosphate reabsorption is enhanced during the immature state as the developing animal attempts to adapt to its environment. In the case of glucose, the transport system is relatively mature in the term infant and less so in the infant of less than 34 weeks gestation. One should consider these developmental changes in the renal tubular transport of amino acids, potassium, phosphate, and organic acids in the nutritional assessment and pharmacologic treatment of p reterm as well as term infants. References Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. P. Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. Jameson, J. Larry Loscalzo, Joseph (2010) .Harrison`s nephrology and acid base disorders. McGraw- Hill Professional. p.3 Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. P. 743. Developmental changes in renal tubular func [J Adolesc Health. 1994] PubMed NCBI Renal function in the neonate. [J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 1994] PubMed NCBI (1) Postnatal development of renal function duri [Pediatr Nephrol. 1987] PubMed NCBI Renal physiology. Part II Fluid and electroly [Neonatal Netw. 1995] PubMed NCBI (1) The aging kidney structural changes. [J Nephrol. 2010 Sep-Oct] PubMed NCBI (1) Renal function in the elderly. [Cardiol Clin. 1986] PubMed NCBI (1) Renal function in the elderly. [Cardiol Clin. 1986] PubMed NCBI

Barriers Of Critical Thinking Essay

Today I will be writing on the three barriers that affect me from becoming a critical thinker and ways that I can overcome these obstacles. 1st Barrier- SELF-CONCEPT- With self-concept I deal with low self esteem and insecurities. I guess because I was in an abusive relationship as a young teenager. The words that would come out of the person’s mouth made me feel worthless. And the patterns that have been repeated in my life over and over until I met my husband always made me feel that what I was doing wasn’t good enough and I’m worthless and no good to no one. To overcome this barrier of critical thinking these are the things I can do to feel better about myself so that I can achieve the things that I know that I’m capable of doing. One is to change how I feel emotionally about myself. To change my emotion requires changing two different core beliefs about my self image. Meaning I will work on how I perceive myself. 2ND Barrier- EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES ( DEPRESSION)- I cannot really establish a time line of when I became overly depressed but I do recognize some of the key factors that play a role in my depression. The lost of my mother because we never had a mother and daughter bond because of her addiction. The fact that she chose drugs over me and my siblings and I was left to raise children at an early age and never had a childhood of my own. Other key factors I don’t wish to discuss out in public and all the unhealthy relationships I’ve had and always feeling worthless. The one conclusion to dealing with the emotional influences affects my critical thinking is to  seek help and talk to a therapist so that I will be able to one day overcome this barrier. 3rd Barrier- STRESS – I believe everyone will have at least a little stress in their life no matter what you do, once you get over one obstacle another arises. So the only thing I can say about overcoming this barrier is that whatever stressful thing that arises in my life I will learn to deal with them head on instead of letting it build up. To keep saying the serenity pray in my head until I believe what it means. And If the situation cannot be changed, such as an illness or the economy, accept it for what it is. Keep reminding myself that accepting does not mean giving up. By accepting the situation and finding ways I can cope with what cannot be changed, stress can be drastically reduced . Learn to relax and look at the big picture. Evaluate my stressful situation from a â€Å"big picture† point of view. Ask myself â€Å"how important is this?† and â€Å"will this matter in the long run?† If the answer is no, it’s likely not worth my time and en ergy.

Cause Of The American Civil War - 1403 Words

There has been several debates on the causes of the American Civil War. Many have stated that slavery was the primary cause for the Civil War. Some historians have argued that there were other causes of the Civil War. The one thing that all historians agreed upon was the division between the North (known as the Union) and the South (known as the Confederacy) that escalated on the soil of the United States of America (In Stampp, 1965). The battle between the two states is what created the â€Å"American Civil War.† The American Civil War started as a result of many years of differences and debates between the Union and the Confederacy. The Southern states, which included the eleven (11) states that were formed by the Confederacy,†¦show more content†¦Some plantation owners were also slave owners and those who could not afford to own slaves, had to maintain their farmlands on their own. The Northerners, or what was called the free states, had more immigrants sett ling in its areas, where labor was needed, but not the labor of slaves. There was a more industrialized society where most people worked in factories and did not follow a class system. The Northers opposed to slavery as an institution in the South, whereas the Confederate States were the only region in the world who still legalized the ownership of slaves. When this happened, it angered the Southerners and threatened their way of life. The U.S. Presidential election of Abraham Lincoln opposed a threat to slavery in the South. Furthermore, the economic differences were developed between the two regions. The Southern states were agricultural states and depended on agriculture rather than industrialization (Egnal, 2009). After the invention of the cotton, this increased the need for slaves and made cotton the chief crop for the South. The South was able to produce about 90% of the world s supply of cotton. 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Bonny Lee Bakley, Murdered Wife of Actor Robert Blake

Bonny Lee Bakley was not a good girl. She was a con artist who used sex and deception to bilk men—many of the rich and famous—out of their money, and their children out of their inheritance. She was shot to death in May 2001 and her husband at the time, actor Robert Blake, was charged with the crime. Still, there was a long list of other people with a motive. Bakleys Childhood Years Bonny Lee Bakley was born June 7, 1956 in Morristown, New Jersey. As a young girl, her dreams were similar to others her age, to one day become rich and famous. Perhaps her impoverished home helped to drive these fantasies. Or, perhaps the desire to leave her hometown and begin her road to stardom grew deeper after she suffered from sexual abuse by her father. Whatever the cause, her drive for stardom became a blind obsession. Marriage for Profit It is believed that Bakley felt ostracized as a child for being poor. She grew to be an attractive teen. She decided to try modeling, and she signed on with a nearby agency. Through the agency,​ she met an immigrant named Evangelos Paulakis, who was desperate to stay in the U.S. and needed to get married  to do so. Bakley agreed to marry him for a price, but not long after the two shared I dos, Bakley, with the money safely tucked away, ended the marriage, and Paulakis was picked by the authorities and deported. After high school, Bakley headed to New York to begin her climb to stardom. She started calling herself Lee Bonny. She managed to get various small modeling jobs, and even worked as an extra in a few movies. But her goal of becoming a star was not  happening. So, she set her attention on other ways to achieve, if not stardom, the fortune that came with it. Her focus switched from becoming a star to marrying one. Bakleys Sex Scam Business In her mid-twenties, Bakley married her cousin, Paul Gawron, a laborer who was street tough and prone to violent behavior. They had two children who Gawron mainly cared for while Bakley worked toward her new endeavor, a mail-order business that focused on scamming lonely men out of money. Had Bakley not chosen a less-than-desirable avenue, her  entrepreneurial  spirit mixed with her ability to market, organize, and profit in a highly competitive industry could have been admirable. Gawron and Bakley had a twisted and volatile marriage. Bakley, who was busy scamming money from men, sometimes in the couples bedroom, was satisfied to let Gawron stay home. He seemed to enjoy not having to work. But, by 1982, the marriage ended. Bakleys obsession to be in the inner circles of the famous mixed with the fact that she was not getting any younger. This motivated her decision to leave her kids in Gawrons care and head to Memphis, Tennessee, to the door of musical artist, Jerry Lee Lewis. Bakley Stalks Jerry Lee Lewis Bakleys money-making sex schemes coupled with her use of stolen credit cards and identification kept her mobile, and she was able to fly to locations where Jerry Lee Lewis was performing. Bordering stalking, Bakley  would often crash parties and show up at performances just to get in closer to Lewis. Finally, the two met around 1982, and a friendship developed. Jerry Lee Lewis and Bakley remained friends until Bakley became pregnant and told everyone that the childs father was Jerry Lee Lewis and that he was leaving his wife to marry her. When the child was born, Bakley named her  Jerry Lee and put on the ​​birth certificate, father undetermined. The friendship between Lewis and Bakley ended and baby Jerry Lee was sent to live with Bakleys ex-husband and her other children. Later it was discovered that Bakley made death threats against Lewiss wife. Bakleys Anything Goes Policy Bakleys address book filled up with names, some famous and some just rich. Names such as Robert DeNiro, Sugar Ray Leonard, and Jimmy Swaggart were found among the list. Bakleys sex business became bolder, and she advertised in sex magazines that she was a tri-sexual, meaning she would try anything once and her preference was sadomasochism, couples sex, and bisexuality. She swindled men out of hundreds of thousands of dollars with her anything goes claims. Bakley was arrested for trying to write bad checks to the tune of $200,000 and was sentenced to report to a penal farm on weekends for three years. In Arkansas, she was arrested for carrying more than 30 fake identifications and was placed on probation. When she completed her sentence in Tennessee, and her friendship with Lewis was over, she decided it was time to leave the South, and she headed to the land of fame and stardom—Hollywood. Bakley and Robert Blake Tie the Knot Bonny continued running  sex scams in magazines, and dating a few stars, one being Christian Brando. How she and Baretta star Robert Blake met, depends on who you ask. Bakleys sister said they met at a jazz club and bonded from across the room. Blakes attorney said Robert Blake did not even know her name and they had sex in the back of a truck, never in his home. Whatever is the truth, one thing was for certain; it was not a match made in heaven. Shortly after the affair began, Bakley told Blake that she was pregnant. Sources say Bakley was taking fertility pills as a way to trap the star into her web. When the baby was born, she named her  Christian Shannon Brando and listed Brando as the father. A  paternity test later proved the father to be Blake. Bonny Lee and Robert Blake married in November 2000, and Bonny moved into a guest house on the property. Bakleys Murder After only six months of marriage, in May 2001, Blake and Bakley went to dinner at Vitellos Italian Restaurant, where Blake was a regular customer. After dinner, the two walked to their car. According to Blake, he realized he left his revolver at the restaurant and left to retrieve it. When he returned to the car, he found Bakley with a gunshot wound to her head, dying in the front seat. Blake ran for help, but Bakley soon died. After a year of investigations, Blake was arrested and charged with the murder of Bonny Lee Bakley. On March 15, 2005, a jury of seven women and five men deliberated for more than 36 hours before returning a verdict of not guilty in the murder of his wife and not guilty on one count of soliciting someone to murder her.   Although acquitted in criminal court, the Baretta star was not so lucky in civil court, where a verdict does not need to be unanimous.  A civil jury decided 10 to 2 that  the tough-guy actor was behind the slaying and ordered him to pay Bonny Lee Bakley’s four children $30 million. Resources and Further Reading King, Gary C. Murder In Hollywood: The Secret Life and Mysterious Death of Bonny Lee Bakley. St. Martins, 2001.Bloom, Lisa. â€Å"Our Bodies, Ourselves: Clara Harris and Bonny Bakley.† Court TV, The Internet Archive, 13 Mar. 2003.